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Visit us for thousands of free animations. *********************************************************;~>FIENDB``(   @Phttp://www.answers.com/topic/agriculturePhttp://www.answers.com/topic/agricultureZhttp://www.answers.com/topic/micropropagationZhttp://www.answers.com/topic/micropropagationZhttp://www.answers.com/topic/transgenic-plantZhttp://www.answers.com/topic/transgenic-plantLhttp://www.answers.com/topic/pesticideLhttp://www.answers.com/topic/pesticideZhttp://www.answers.com/topic/transgenic-maizeZhttp://www.answers.com/topic/transgenic-maize\http://www.answers.com/topic/biopharmaceutical\http://www.answers.com/topic/biopharmaceuticalNhttp://www.answers.com/topic/medicine-1Nhttp://www.answers.com/topic/medicine-1Nhttp://www.answers.com/topic/antibioticNhttp://www.answers.com/topic/antibiotic Fhttp://www.answers.com/topic/genomeFhttp://www.answers.com/topic/genome jhttp://www.answers.com/topic/industrial-biotechnologyjhttp://www.answers.com/topic/industrial-biotechnology Jhttp://www.answers.com/topic/industryJhttp://www.answers.com/topic/industry Fhttp://www.answers.com/topic/enzymeFhttp://www.answers.com/topic/enzyme Lhttp://www.answers.com/topic/catalysisLhttp://www.answers.com/topic/catalysisNhttp://www.answers.com/topic/bioeconomyNhttp://www.answers.com/topic/bioeconomyLhttp://www.answers.com/topic/pesticideLhttp://www.answers.com/topic/pesticidehhttp://www.answers.com/topic/weeds-computer-jargon-1hhttp://www.answers.com/topic/weeds-computer-jargon-1Nhttp://www.answers.com/topic/starvationNhttp://www.answers.com/topic/starvationLhttp://www.answers.com/topic/bacteriumLhttp://www.answers.com/topic/bacteriumPhttp://www.answers.com/topic/nutrients-1Phttp://www.answers.com/topic/nutrients-1Lhttp://www.answers.com/topic/herbicideLhttp://www.answers.com/topic/herbicideBhttp://www.answers.com/topic/weedBhttp://www.answers.com/topic/weedHhttp://www.answers.com/topic/tillageHhttp://www.answers.com/topic/tillageDhttp://www.answers.com/topic/virusDhttp://www.answers.com/topic/virusLhttp://www.answers.com/topic/vaccinateLhttp://www.answers.com/topic/vaccinateJhttp://www.answers.com/topic/harmlessJhttp://www.answers.com/topic/harmlessJhttp://www.answers.com/topic/irrigateJhttp://www.answers.com/topic/irrigateVhttp://www.answers.com/topic/unavailabilityVhttp://www.answers.com/topic/unavailabilityLhttp://www.answers.com/topic/withstandLhttp://www.answers.com/topic/withstandHhttp://www.answers.com/topic/droughtHhttp://www.answers.com/topic/drought Phttp://www.answers.com/topic/groundwaterPhttp://www.answers.com/topic/groundwater!Hhttp://www.answers.com/topic/vaccineHhttp://www.answers.com/topic/vaccined/ 0DArial 0ܖ0tt& 0"DSymbol 0ܖ0tt& 0 DPP .  @n?" dd@  @@`` &B(    !BC D E FGHIJKL_$$R$UH +l2$TW8ߠٵ?$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$b$&#;w)42*' 0e0e     A@  A5% 8c8c     ?1 d0u0@Ty2 NP'p<'pA)BCD|E||s " 0e@        @ABC DEEFGHIJK5%LMNOPQRSTUWYZ[ \]^_ `abN E5%  N E5%  N F   5%    !"?N@ABC DEFFGHIJK5%LMNOPQRSTUWYZ[ \]^_ `ab 33f&MtPP3@fPP\Ęʚ;ʚ;g4BdBd* 0tppp@ <4dddd@w 0t& <4BdBd@x 0th0___PPT10 L___PPT9.&&?  %6 Biotechnology The use of microorganisms, such as bacteria or yeasts, or biological substances, such as enzymes, to perform specific industrial or manufacturing processes. Applications include the production of certain drugs, synthetic hormones, and bulk foodstuffs as well as the bioconversion of organic waste and the use of genetically altered bacteria in the cleanup of oil spills. 6 r()&Blue biotechnology, is a term that has been used to describe the marine and aquatic applications of biotechnology, but its use is relatively rare ,(Green biotechnology is biotechnology applied to agricultural processes. An example would be the selection and domestication of plants via micropropagation. Another example is the designing of transgenic plants to grow under specific environmental conditions or in the presence (or absence) of certain agricultural chemicals. One hope is that green biotechnology might produce more environmentally friendly solutions than traditional industrial agriculture. An example of this is the engineering of a plant to express a pesticide, thereby eliminating the need for external application of pesticides. An example of this would be Bt corn. Whether or not green biotechnology products such as this are ultimately more environmentally friendly is a topic of considerable debate. : ZZZ0 N&6 c 00< 0 0 0 0sz*'Red biotechnology is applied to medical processes. Some examples are the designing of organisms to produce antibiotics, and the engineering of genetic cures through genomic manipulation. White biotechnology, also known as industrial biotechnology, is biotechnology applied to industrial processes. An example is the designing of an organism to produce a useful chemical. Another example is the using of enzymes as industrial catalysts to either produce valuable chemicals or destroy hazardous/polluting chemicals. White biotechnology tends to consume less in resources than traditional processes used to produce industrial goods. The investments and economic output of all of these types of applied biotechnologies form what has been described as the bioeconomy. "ZD /F u >  0 0 ' 0kv  0  0  0  0  0 0 The Science Behind Biotechnology!!(All biotechnology is based on the science, or biological functioning, of organisms. Organisms are composed of cells that contain DNA in their chromosomes. The structure of DNA molecules holds information that is used by cells as a formula for the organism, determining the characteristics of an organism. That information is encoded on the DNA s genes, which are derived from a four-letter alphabet (A, C, G and T) and usually contain between 1,000 and 100,000 letters. The entire makeup of an organism s genes is called the genome and can contain between four million letters (for a simplePZPbacteria) and three billion letters or more (for a human being). DNA is the same chemically and physically for all organisms. This fact made possible perhaps the greatest scientific discovery in the field of biotechnology: learning that DNA from any organism will function if it is transferred into another organism. Combining DNA from different organisms in the same species results in modified organisms with acombination of the parents traits.   +( Transgenic ZTransgenic (also known as recombinant DNA) is the transfer of a specific gene from one organism to another. Gene splicing is used to introduce one or more genes of an organism into a second organism, and a transgenic organism is created once the second organism incorporates the new DNA into its own genetic material. In gene splicing, DNA cannot be transferred directly from its original organism (the donor) to the recipient organism (the host). Instead, the donor DNA must be cut and pasted, or recombined into a compatible fragment of DNA from a vector an organism that can carry the donor DNA into the host. The host organism often is a rapidly multiplying microorganism, such as a harmless bacterium, which serves as a factory where the recombined DNA can be duplicated in large quantities. The subsequently produced protein then can be removed from the host and used as a genetically engineered product in humans, other animals, plants, bacteria and viruses. The donor DNA can be introduced directly into an organism by techniques such as injection through the cell walls of plants or into a fertilized egg.[P[,)Modern biotechnology =Modern biotechnology, , biotechnology allows for the transfer of a single gene, or a few select genes or traits. The most common uses thus far have been the introduction of traits that help farmers simplify crop production, reduce pesticide use in some crops, and increase profitability by reduction of crop losses to weeds, insect damage, or disease. Insect resistance. Crop losses from insect pests can cause devastating financial loss for growers and starvation in developing countries., thousands of tons of pesticides are used to control insects. Using modern biotechnology, scientists and farmers have removed the need for the use of some of these chemicals. Insect-protected plants are developed by introducing a gene into a plant that produces a specific protein from a naturally occurring soil organism. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is one of many bacteria naturally present in soil. This bacterium is known to be lethal to certain classes of insects, and only those organisms. The Bt protein produced by the bacterium is the natural insecticide. Growing foods, such as Bt cor x>P_Vl N f  7 0 0>C 0 0-+dadded to plants that render the chemicals inactive but only in the new, herbicide-resistant crop. Many benefits come from these crops, including better and more flexible weed control for farmers, increased use of conservation tillage (involving less working of the soil and thereby decreasing erosion), and promoting the use of herbicides that have a better environmental profile (that is, that are less toxic to nontarget organisms).:4   0 0.*foods, such as Bt corn, can help eliminate the application of chemical pesticides and reduce the cost of bringing a crop to market. The introduction of insect-protected crops such as Bt cotton has allowed reduced use of chemical pesticides. This suggests that genetically engineered food crops can also be grown with reduced use of pesticides, a development that would be welcomed by the general public. Herbicide tolerance. Every year, farmers must battle weeds that compete with their crops for water, nutrients, sunlight, and space. Weeds can also harbor insects and disease. Farmers routinely use two or more different chemicals on a crop to remove both grass and broadleaf weeds. In recent years new "broad-spectrum" chemicals have been discovered that control all these weeds and therefore require only one application of one chemical to the crop. To provide crops with a defense against these nonselective herbicides, genes have bee `P 0 0/,Disease resistance %Many viruses, fungi, and bacteria can cause plant diseases, resulting in crop damage and loss. Researchers have had great success in developing crops that are protected from certain types of plant viruses by introducing DNA from the virus into the plant. In essence, the plants are "vaccinated" against specific diseases. Because most plant viruses are spread by insects, farmers can use fewer insecticides and still have healthy crops and high yields. Trangenic plants are now grown on millions of acres. Many of these plant species have been engineered to produce a protein, normally synthesized by the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis, which is toxic to a number of agriculturally destructive insect pests but harmless to humans, most other non-insect animals, and many beneficial insects such as bees 0&Pg\O  LU 0 0% 00-)Drought tolerance and salinity tolerance  *(((As the world population grows and industrial demand for water supplies increases, the amount of water used to irrigate crops will become more expensive or unavailable. Creating plants that can withstand long periods of drought or high salt content in soil and groundwater will help overcome these limitations. Although genetically engineered crops with enhanced drought tolerance are not yet commercially available, significant research advances are pointing the way to creating these in the future. 0nv 0 0 0  01.Edible vaccines "Vaccines that are commonly used today are often costly to produce and require cold storage conditions when shipped from their point of manufacture in the developed world to points of use in the developing world. Research has shown that protein-based vaccines can be designed into edible plants so that simple eating of the material leads to oral immunization. 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Applications include the production of certain drugs, synthetic hormones, and bulk foodstuffs as well as the bioconversion of organic waste and the use of genetically altered bacteria in the cleanup of oil spills. Blue biotechnology, is a term that has been used to describe the marine and aquatic applications of biotechnology, but its use is relatively rare 3!The Science Behind Biotechnologybacteria) and three billion letters or more (for a human being). DNA is the same chemically and physically for all organisms. This fact made possible perhaps the greatest scientific discovery in the field of biotechnology: learning that DNA from any organism will function if it is transferred into another organism. Combining DNA from different organisms in the same species results in modified organisms with acombination of the parents traits. TransgenicModern biotechnology 8 9Disease resistance *Drought tolerance and salinity tolerance Edible vaccines      8@ _PID_HLINKSAD)http://www.answers.com/topic/agriculture.http://www.answers.com/topic/micropropagation.http://www.answers.com/topic/transgenic-plant'http://www.answers.com/topic/pesticide.http://www.answers.com/topic/transgenic-maize/http://www.answers.com/topic/biopharmaceutical(http://www.answers.com/topic/medicine-1(http://www.answers.com/topic/antibiotic$http://www.answers.com/topic/genome6http://www.answers.com/topic/industrial-biotechnology&http://www.answers.com/topic/industry$http://www.answers.com/topic/enzyme'http://www.answers.com/topic/catalysis(http://www.answers.com/topic/bioeconomy'http://www.answers.com/topic/pesticide5http://www.answers.com/topic/weeds-computer-jargon-1(http://www.answers.com/topic/starvation'http://www.answers.com/topic/bacterium)http://www.answers.com/topic/nutrients-1'http://www.answers.com/topic/herbicide"http://www.answers.com/topic/weed%http://www.answers.com/topic/tillage#http://www.answers.com/topic/virus'http://www.answers.com/topic/vaccinate&http://www.answers.com/topic/harmless&http://www.answers.com/topic/irrigate,http://www.answers.com/topic/unavailability'http://www.answers.com/topic/withstand%http://www.answers.com/topic/drought)http://www.answers.com/topic/groundwater%http://www.answers.com/topic/vaccine_0AhmadAhmad  !"#$%&'()+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~Root EntrydO)Pictures+RCurrent UserSummaryInformation(TPowerPoint Document(*DocumentSummaryInformation8(