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O  d!e"Y\[ Objectives  NTo compute the masses (or weights) and volumes of the three different phases. &O6 O   Definitions  AWater content (w) is a measure of the water present in the soil. "B?1 B   Definitions  0Void ratio (e) is a measure of the void volume. "1?# 1    Definitions  NPorosity (n) is also a measure of the void volume, expressed as a percentage. "O ?C O + Definitions  NDegree of saturation (S) is the percentage of the void volume filled by water."O?7 O BA Simple Example  #  Definitions  Bulk density (rm) is the density of the soil in the current state. ^D????1 D / Definitions  Saturated density (rsat) is the density of the soil when the voids are filled with water. L[????C [ ' Definitions  tDry density (rd) is the density of the soil in dry state. ^; ????) ; ? Definitions  Bulk, saturated, dry and submerged unit weights (g) are defined in a similar manner. 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S < 6PX "`P   Z* J < 6] "` ` H@___PPT9"@ n*&"  H < 0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.] @ pD`( @ $  D D 0 "P    Z*  D 0 "    \*  D 6 "`P   x *Phase Relations J D 6,ۧ "` ` H@___PPT9"@ n*&"  H D 0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.   0L0 j(  2  T<  ??,S$ 0TL___PPT9.&@ (('D.H'5 'D#3@'3@@J@) DD@*@1(@@) (Basic Characteristics of Soil)TA8 ZPc$c$!c$& ! H  0@޽h ? 3f3f___PPT10.^ o@+BbD2' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D$' =%(%(D' =%(DT' =A@BBB B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =-6B'blinds(horizontal)*<3<*+8+0+0 +   0L0 M(  (   ld< ?Rectangle 38 $  0 x <4___PPT9 V *The term Soil has various meanings depending upon the general field in which it is being considered. *To a Pedologist (agricultural soil scientist)... Soil is the substance existing on the earth's surface, which grows and develops plant life. *To a Geologist ..... Soil is the material in the thin surface zone within which roots occur, and all the rest of the earth s crust is termed ROCK irrespective of its hardness. VPh&p   2   TX<  ?? @,$  0 *To an Engineer .... Soil is the un-cemented deposits of mineral and/or organic particles or fragments covering large portion of the earth's crust. .0 ZPc  3  `< ?Rectangle 2"`//,$  0 aSoil and Soil Engineering     ZA@޽h ?Sumtextb"` a{o  ___PPT10| .@bʸ+ vD' = @B Dc' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(%(D"' =%(D>' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =-m6Bbox(in)*<3<*D>' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =-m6Bbox(in)*<3<*D>' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =-m6Bbox(in)*<3<*++0+0 ++0+0 ++0+0 +  0 L0 `()(  ( ( 6h "f ,$ 0 YIn a typical volume of soil there are three components are arranged in a complex mixture: Soil Solids, Water, and Air. To visualize the relationships among the components when performing weight-volume or mass-volume calculations, drawing a phase diagram is recommended. Much like checking equilibrium with a free body diagram in statics, completing and balancing a phase diagram with numerical values of all quantities permits crosschecking the solution. The Figure below shows an element of soil and the corresponding phase diagram.   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"DH@`  B2 @0 3 i+6 R B2 A0 3 i+   B0 rBnC^DEFi+!!!" +4=EMT X\^#^-\8XCTMMVE^<e3j*m"nmj d]UKA6, !DH@`U l b C0 2BlCDEFi+99l_aiWsN{B<62.&zp d VF=3/+)(  %+--7BGLPT UUV[ ^(`1a7a:c>dAfHgKhQiWl_tx@`! /  D0 rBvCiDEFi+!!"# ,7AJS[ bei&i2h=dH^TX^OgEn<r2u(vtpkcYOD8- "DH@` D b E0 2BClDEFi+99^h s{*06:?ELRzWo\dbUcEe<h3j.k+k)l(lkjiheb \ TMGA@?4*$    (1 6 : = AGKQV^tx@`m^b F0 2BClDEFi+99^i s{*06:?ELRzWo\dbUcEe<h3j/k+k)l(lkjiheb\ TMGA@?4*$   (1 7 : = AHKQV^tx@`N b G0 2BClDEFi+99^h rz*06:?FMRyWo\dbUcEf<h3j.k+k(l'lkjihfb \ TNGA@?5*%   '0 6 : = @GKPV^tx@`Z h : H0 BCgDEFi+44OB 6*%"* 19AI\d lrx|"%')}-y1r9n@hGdLbNbOXVN^Cd>f8g6f5d2b0a)a$`^[ZYXV SOjl@`%B I0 bBCDEFi+?? XF7("  #1?$M7]HfRq\vaze|g}iou|zvrmhc`[XNE@<72/|*w#rlg` X@`= # B2 J0 3 i+$ +  p  K0#  ,$@ 0H L0 C i+ p H M0 C i+ -pB N0 3 i+ p. O0 B?"A UAIR(2  P0 BDѺ?" @ WWATER(2  Q0 Bպ?"P qV  ] SOIL SOLIDS (2    R0 Bٺ?"`[ ,$@ 0 aTHE SOIL SYSTEM(2 $ S0 Bݺ?"MW m,$@ 0 p PHASE DIAGRAM(2   z  T0#  QD ,$D 0 U0 <$k ?"pz  ] Air pockets (2   B V0 HD|?" pB W0 HD|?" p 0 Zd@޽h @ ?"` TTrff___PPT10.`ۄ+sD' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(%(Di' =%(DX' =A@BBB B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*0%(D' =-6B+checkerboard(across)*<3<*0DK' =4@BBB B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*0%(D' =-6B+checkerboard(across)*<3<*0DK' =4@BBB B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*K0%(D' =-6B+checkerboard(across)*<3<*K0DX' =A@BBB B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*R0%(D' =-6B+checkerboard(across)*<3<*R0DX' =A@BBB B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*S0%(D' =-6B+checkerboard(across)*<3<*S0DK' =4@BBB B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*T0%(D' =-6B+checkerboard(across)*<3<*T0++0+00 ++0+R00 ++0+S00 +   0L0 p,M(  , , 6 I,$ 0 {mAll solid particles in the element are taken as an equivalent single mass at the bottom of the diagram. Above the solids is the water-also represented as a single equivalent mass-and above that, the air. On the sides of the diagram are variable names; numerical values are entered here during calculations. On the left side are the total volume V, the volume of solids Vs, the volume of water Vw, and the volume of air Va. The combined volume of water and air is the volume of voids Vv . On the right side are shown the total weight M, the weight of solids Ms, and the weight of water Mw. The weight of air is negligible.nY>/#&   H , 0@޽h ? 33___PPT10.~M+,DDf' = @B D!' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DX' =%(%(D' =%(D' =A@BBB B0B%()))D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*,%(D' =-6B+checkerboard(across)*<3<*,+8+0+,0 +^   0(L0 P)9 A(    c $")El<$ 0     c $"p@<$ 0  z P P  / P ,$@ 0   # vA ??SandP P    T# ??   Vsoil 2 z P @ 2 @,$@ 0   T??P @   T+ ?? Uair 2 5z P @P  1 @P ,$@ 0   # A$??Dashed horizontalP @P   T, ??p  Wwater 2 "z 0 P  ( P h ,$@ 0B   fD??0 P 0   T1 ??0  nVs4 2  $z 0  @ * h @,$@ 0B   fD??0 0 @  T ??0 `  pVa4 2  $z 0p@ % P@,$@  0B   fD??``@  Td ??0`p pMa=04 2  "z 0P  ' P P,$@  0B   fD??`P `  T  ??00 P  nMs4 2  "z 0@P  & @P$P ,$@  0B   fD??`@`P   T ??0  nMw4 2  "z @ $ `,$@  0B    fD??@@ ! T ??@   nMt4 2  *z  @P  . h P ,$@  0  Tx ?? P  pVw4 2  B  # lD?? @ (z  P  -  4 ,$@ 0  T ?? P  nVv4 2  B  # lD??0 0 *z  ,  ,$@ 0B "  fD?? # Z ??   pVt4 2   3 Tź ??`T,$ 0 _ Phase Diagram 2   7 Z >??"" 2,$D 0 \Notation M = mass or weight V = volume s = soil grains w = water a = air v = voids t = total2] 6\ B  s *@޽h ? www3ff??___PPT10r?.+)bDj>' = @B D%>' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D\=' =%(%(D<' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =+4 8?dCB0-#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_yBCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*O%(D' =+4 8?dCB0-#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*OD' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_yBCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*OD' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*/%(D' =+4 8?dCB0-#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*/D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_yBCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*/D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*2%(D' =+4 8?dCB0-#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*2D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_yBCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*2D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*1%(D' =+4 8?dCB0-#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*1D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_yBCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*1D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*(%(D' =+4 8?dCB0-#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*(D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_yBCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<**%(D' =+4 8?dCB0-#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<**D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_yBCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<**D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%%(D' =+4 8?dCB0-#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*%D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_yBCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*%D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*'%(D' =+4 8?dCB0-#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*'D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_yBCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*'D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*&%(D' =+4 8?dCB0-#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*&D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_yBCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*&D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*$%(D' =+4 8?dCB0-#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*$D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_yBCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*$D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*.%(D' =+4 8?dCB0-#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*.D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_yBCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*.D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*-%(D' =+4 8?dCB0-#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*-D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_yBCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*-D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*,%(D' =+4 8?dCB0-#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*,D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_yBCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*,D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*3%(D' =+4 8?dCB0-#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*3D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_yBCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*3D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*7%(D' =+4 8?dCB0-#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*7D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_yBCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*7++0+0 ++0+0 ++0+30 ++0+70 +>   0RL0 =5@!2P0 ](  P P s *")El<$  0    P s *"p@<$  0  zz `  )P  `,$@  0 P 3 |A ??SandP P  P Z$ ??   Vsoil 2  P Z??P @  P Z ?? Uair 2   P 3 A$??Dashed horizontalP @P   P Z ??p  Wwater 2 B P # lD??0 P 0  P Zx ??0  nVs4 2  B P # lD??0 0 @ P Z\ ??0 `  pVa4 2  B P # lD??``@ P Z ??0`p pMa=04 2  B P # lD??`P ` P ZM ??00 P  nMs4 2  B P # lD??`@`P  P ZR ??0  nMw4 2  B P # lD?? @@ P Z  ?? @   nMt4 2    P Z% ?? 0 p  pVw4 2  B !P # lD?? 0 0 P  #P Z* ??    nVv4 2  B $P # lD??   B &P # lD??    'P Z\v ?? `  pVt4 2   (P T ??`,$  0 _ Phase Diagram 2   .P c $A ??; 8 $@  0" 0P T  ?? h ,$  0 jExpressed as percentage. 2 . 1P TL ?? h ,$  0 v$Range = 0  100+%. 2  2P Tm ??\ ,$   0 XX 100% 2  P ZA@޽h ?Sumtextb"` www3ff!!___PPT10!.+ ^)DT ' = @B D ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DF' =%(%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*P%(D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*PD' =+4 8?dCB0-#ppt_h/2BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*PD' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*PB%(D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*PBD' =+4 8?dCB0-#ppt_h/2BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*PBD' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*)P%(D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*)PD' =+4 8?dCB0-#ppt_h/2BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*)PD' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*(P%(D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*(PD' =+4 8?dCB0-#ppt_h/2BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*(PD' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*.P%(D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*.PD' =+4 8?dCB0-#ppt_h/2BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*.PD' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*0P%(D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*0PD' =+4 8?dCB0-#ppt_h/2BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*0PD' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*1P%(D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*1PD' =+4 8?dCB0-#ppt_h/2BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*1PD' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*2P%(D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*2PD' =+4 8?dCB0-#ppt_h/2BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*2P+P+0+P0 ++0+P0 ++0+(P0 ++0+0P0 ++0+1P0 ++0+2P0 +D)   0:L0 YQ0!T(  T T s *l>")El<$ 0    T s *>"p@<$ 0   `  T#  `,$@ 0 T # vA ??SandP P  T TB ??   Vsoil 2  T T??P @ T T ?? Uair 2   T # A$??Dashed horizontalP @P   T T ??p  Wwater 2 B  T  fD??0 P 0   T T\ ??0  nVs4 2  B  T  fD??0 0 @ T TȒ ??0 `  pVa4 2  B T  fD??``@ T T`/ ??0`p pMa=04 2  B T  fD??`P ` T T ??00 P  nMs4 2  B T  fD??`@`P  T T_ ??0  nMw4 2  B T  fD??@@ T T ??@   nMt4 2   T T ??0 p  pVw4 2  B T  fD??0 0 P  T TB  ??   nVv4 2  B T  fD??  B T  fD??   T T\iB  ??`  pVt4 2   T TlB  ??`,$ 0 _ Phase Diagram 2   T c $A ??, T 8 $@ 0 T c $A  ??e 8  $D 0B T s *@޽h ? www3ff{s___PPT10S.+D' 0 = @B D>' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +Du' =%(%(D ' =%(DF' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*T%(D' =-u6Bdiamond(in)*<3<*TDF' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*T1%(D' =-u6Bdiamond(in)*<3<*T1D9' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*T%(D' =-u6Bdiamond(in)*<3<*TDF' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*T%(D' =-u6Bdiamond(in)*<3<*TD9' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*T%(D' =-u6Bdiamond(in)*<3<*TD9' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*T%(D' =-u6Bdiamond(in)*<3<*T++0+T0 ++0+T0 ++0+T0 + 1   0 NL0  !#XO(  X X s *j ")El<$ 0    X s *huB "p@<$ 0    `  X#  `,$@ 0 X # vA ??SandP P  X TPB  ??   Vsoil 2  X T??P @ X T4B  ?? Uair 2   X # A$??Dashed horizontalP @P   X T|B  ??p  Wwater 2 B  X  fD??0 P 0   X TB  ??0  nVs4 2  B  X  fD??0 0 @ X TȬB  ??0 `  pVa4 2  B X  fD??``@ X TB  ??0`p pMa=04 2  B X  fD??`P ` X THB  ??00 P  nMs4 2  B X  fD??`@`P  X T}B  ??0  nMw4 2  B X  fD??@@ X T\B  ??@   nMt4 2   X T B  ??0 p  pVw4 2  B X  fD??0 0 P  X TpB  ??   nVv4 2  B X  fD??  B X  fD??   X T8WB  ??`  pVt4 2   X T\B  ??`,$ 0 _ Phase Diagram 2   X c $A  ??, T 8  $@ 0 X c $A ??s 8 $@ 0 "X TLaB  ?? ,$ 0 XX 100% 2 @ #X Tp;B  ?? , ,$  0 6Theoretical range: 0  100% 2 B X s *@޽h ? www3ff___PPT10.+XsD' 0 = @B DJ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(%(D ' =%(DT' =A@BBB B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*X%(D' =-6B'blinds(horizontal)*<3<*XDT' =A@BBB B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*XO%(D' =-6B'blinds(horizontal)*<3<*XODG' =4@BBB B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*X%(D' =-6B'blinds(horizontal)*<3<*XDT' =A@BBB B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*X%(D' =-6B'blinds(horizontal)*<3<*XDG' =4@BBB B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*X%(D' =-6B'blinds(horizontal)*<3<*XDG' =4@BBB B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*X%(D' =-6B'blinds(horizontal)*<3<*XDT' =A@BBB B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*"X%(D' =-6B'blinds(horizontal)*<3<*"XDT' =A@BBB B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*#X%(D' =-6B'blinds(horizontal)*<3<*#X++0+X0 ++0+X0 ++0+X0 ++0+"X0 ++0+#X0 +G   0`mL0 ;3#$d(  d d s *6B ")El<$  0    d s *7B "p@<$  0 B   `  d#  `,$@  0 d # vA ??SandP P  d T*B  ??   Vsoil 2  d T??P @ d Th,B  ?? Uair 2   d # A$??Dashed horizontalP @P   d TPB  ??p  Wwater 2 B  d  fD??0 P 0   d TB  ??0  nVs4 2  B  d  fD??0 0 @ d TDB  ??0 `  pVa4 2  B d  fD??``@ d TB  ??0`p pMa=04 2  B d  fD??`P ` d TB  ??00 P  nMs4 2  B d  fD??`@`P  d THB  ??0  nMw4 2  B d  fD??@@ d TB  ??@   nMt4 2   d TB  ??0 p  pVw4 2  B d  fD??0 0 P  d TB  ??   nVv4 2  B d  fD??  B d  fD??   d T.B  ??`  pVt4 2   d T5 ??`,$  0 _ Phase Diagram 2   d c $A ??, T 8 $@  0 d c $A ?? 8 $@  0(  d T ??  ,$  0 pRange: 0  100% 2  !d T ??\ ,$   0 XX 100% 2  #d ZPGrlH) ?? h ,$@   0 UDry  O $d # HGHA$??Dashed horizontal x ,$D   0 [ Saturated     B d s *@޽h ?/ #d$d www3ff* *___PPT10).+D=(' e= @B D'' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D/'' =%(%(D&' =%(D' =A@BBB B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*d%(D' =+4 8?dCB0-#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*dD' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_h/2BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*dD' =A@BBB B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*dO%(D' =+4 8?dCB0-#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*dOD' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_h/2BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*dOD' =4@BBB B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*d%(D' =+4 8?dCB0-#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*dD' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_h/2BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*dD' =A@BBB B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*d%(D' =+4 8?dCB0-#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*dD' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_h/2BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*dD' =4@BBB B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*d%(D' =+4 8?dCB0-#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*dD' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_h/2BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*dD' =4@BBB B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*d%(D' =+4 8?dCB0-#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*dD' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_h/2BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*dD' =A@BBB B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* d%(D' =+4 8?dCB0-#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<* dD' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_h/2BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<* dD' =A@BBB B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*!d%(D' =+4 8?dCB0-#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*!dD' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_h/2BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*!dD' =A@BBB B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*#d%(D' =+4 8?dCB0-#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*#dD' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_h/2BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*#dD' =A@BBB B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*$d%(D' =+4 8?dCB0-#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*$dD' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_h/2BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*$d++0+d0 ++0+d0 ++0+d0 ++0+ d0 ++0+!d0 ++0+#d0 ++0+$d0 +/  08JL0    2 j (    c $a]<$ 0   fz @ . H\@,$@ 0  3 |A ??Sand @  Z??  3 A$??Dashed horizontalP   Z ??p  Wwater 2   ZD  ??0 Uair 2   Z ??`@ `  Vsoil 2 K / Zxý ??"p ,$ 0 In this illustration,$h Z   ; 0 Zʽ ??"@<,$ 0 oe = 1$h Z   = 1 Z0 ??"< ` ,$ 0 qn = 50%$h Z   = 2 Z ??" < ,$ 0 qS = 50%$h Z   H  0@޽h ? TTrff___PPT10+N_Dy' 0 = @B D4' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +Dk' =%(%(D ' =%(D@' =A@BBB B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =-o6Bbox(out)*<3<*D3' =4@BBB B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*.%(D' =-o6Bbox(out)*<3<*.D@' =A@BBB B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*/%(D' =-o6Bbox(out)*<3<*/D@' =A@BBB B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*0%(D' =-o6Bbox(out)*<3<*0D@' =A@BBB B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*1%(D' =-o6Bbox(out)*<3<*1D@' =A@BBB B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*2%(D' =-o6Bbox(out)*<3<*2++0+0 ++0+/0 ++0+00 ++0+10 ++0+20 +,   0R L0  !\M(  \ \ s *}")El<$ 0    \ s *"p@<$ 0   `  \#  `,$@ 0 \ # vA ??SandP P  \ TK ??   Vsoil 2  \ T??P @ \ T ?? Uair 2   \ # A$??Dashed horizontalP @P   \ Tt ??p  Wwater 2 B  \  fD??0 P 0   \ T$ ??0  nVs4 2  B  \  fD??0 0 @ \ T ??0 `  pVa4 2  B \  fD??``@ \ Th ??0`p pMa=04 2  B \  fD??`P ` \ T̴ ??00 P  nMs4 2  B \  fD??`@`P  \ T ??0  nMw4 2  B \  fD??@@ \ TP ??@   nMt4 2   \ T ??0 p  pVw4 2  B \  fD??0 0 P  \ Th ??   nVv4 2  B \  fD??  B \  fD??   \ Th ??`  pVt4 2   \ T` ??`,$ 0 _ Phase Diagram 2   \ c $A ??, T 8 $@ 0 \ c $A ??p8 $@ 0V  \ Td ?? \ ,$ 0 Units: t/m3, g/ml, kg/m3N 2     B \ s *@޽h ? www3ff___PPT10.+k.*D' 0 = @B Db' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(%(D!' =%(D@' =A@BBB B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*\%(D' =-o6Bbox(out)*<3<*\D@' =A@BBB B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*\D%(D' =-o6Bbox(out)*<3<*\DD3' =4@BBB B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*\%(D' =-o6Bbox(out)*<3<*\D@' =A@BBB B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*\%(D' =-o6Bbox(out)*<3<*\D3' =4@BBB B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*\%(D' =-o6Bbox(out)*<3<*\D3' =4@BBB B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*\%(D' =-o6Bbox(out)*<3<*\D@' =A@BBB B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* \%(D' =-o6Bbox(out)*<3<* \++0+\0 ++0+\0 ++0+\0 ++0+ \0 +   0Y L0 #pj(  p p s *hQ")El<$  0    p s *R"p@<$  0   !p Z^ ??"0 ,$  0 FSubmerged density (r ) is the effective density of the soil when it is submerged. \Sh Z???= S  #p Zj ??"4 ,$  0 r = rsat - rw hh Z  B p s *@޽h ? www3ffrj___PPT10J.+DB' Y= @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D4' =%(%(D